( Introduction To Computer कंप्यूटर का परिचय)

 

                        dEI;wVj dk ifjp;

( Introduction To Computer)

ifjp; (Introduction) :- Computer ,d ,slk ;a= gS tks n’kdksa dh ;k=k laiUu dj vkt vius bl #i esa miyC/k gS ftldh rqyuk ekuoh; ’kjhj dh jpuk ls gksrh gS rFkk ;g dguk Hkh vfr’k;ksfDr u gksxk fd bldk fodkl ekuo fodkl lalk/ku ds fodYi ds #i esa gh gqvkA

 

 

dEI;wVj D;k gS \

(What is a computer)

 

  dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªkfud fMokbl gS tks ySfVu Hkk"kk ds dEI;wVj ’kCn ls feydj cuk gS ftldk vFkZ dYdqys’ku vFkkZr~ x.kuk djuk gksrk gSA fgUnh esa bls lax.kd dgrs gSaA blds firk pkYlZ cScst gSaA dEI;wVj ,d ,slh bysDVkfud fMokbl gs tks ;wtj ls MkVk izkslsflax djds ;wtj ds funsZ’kkuqlkj ml ij izkslsflax djds ,d fuf’pr vkmViqV iznku djrk gSA

 

      

dEI;wVj dh fo’ks"krk,a

 

dEi;wVj esa fuEufyf[kr fo’ks"krk,aW gSa ftlds ifj.kkeLo#i ;g vR;kf/kd yksdfiz; gSA

                                                     

1- xfr & dEI;wVj dh dk;Z xfr vR;kf/kd rzho gSA ;wtj ds funsZ’k dk ikyu lsds.M ls Hkh de le; esa djus esa l{ke gSA dEI;wVj dh izkslsflax LihM uSuks lsds.M }kjk ukih tkrh gSA

 

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2- dk;Z’kq)rk & dEI;wVj vR;kf/kd rzho xfr ls dk;Z djus esa l{ke gSA ysfdu ;g ifj.kke esa dHkh Hkh dksbZ v’kqf) ugha djrkA bldh dk;Zdq’kyrk 100 izfr’kr gksrh gSA

 

 

3- l{kerk & dEI;wVj dHkh Hkh dk;Z&Hkkj dh vf/kdrk ls ugha Fkdrk gSA ftruh LihM vkSj ’kq)rk ds lkFk ;g igyk ifj.kke izLrqr djrk gS mruh gh LihM vkSj ’kq)rk ds lkFk vk[kjh ifj.kke Hkh izLrqr djrk gSA

 

 

4- laxzg {kerk & dEI;wVj dh laxzg {kerk Hkh vR;kf/kd gksrh gS ftlds varxZr MkVk rFkk izksxzke dks Hkfo"; ds fy, O;ofLFkr j[kk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj ds bl xq.k dks eseksjh dgrs gSaA

 

 

5- lkSj HkkSfedrk & dEI;wVj dk vfo"dkj ,d x.kuk djus okyh e’khu ds #i esa gqvk] ysfdu orZeku esa dEI;wVj ds }kjk yxHkx lHkh izdkj ds dk;Z fd, tk ldrs gSaA lkFk gh ;g gj {ks= dk ,d vko’;d vax cu x;k gSA

                   

                                                     

dEI;wVj ds izdkj

(Types of Computer)

 

       dEI;wVj vius dke&dkt] iz;kstu ;k mn~ns’; rFkk vkdkj ’kfDr ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA oLrqr% budk lh/ks&lh/ks vFkkZr~ izR;{k% oxhZdj.k djuk dfBu gSA blfy, bUgsa ge fuEufyf[kr rhu vk/kkjksa ij oxhZd`r djrs gSa %&

 

1- vuqiz;ksx (Application)

 

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2- mn~ns’; (Purpose)

 

                   3- vkdkj (Size)

 

 

vuqiz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj ds izdkj

(Types of Computers Based on Application)

 

 

;|fi dEI;wVj ds vusd aizdkj gSa ftuesa ls rhu vuqiz;ksxksa ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds rhu izdkj gksrs gSaA

 

   1- ,ukykWx dEI;wVj (Analog Computer)

 

   2- fMftVy dEI;wVj  (Digital Computer)

 

   3- gk;fczM dEI;wVj (Hybrid Computer)

 

 

 

 

mn~ns’;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj ds izdkj

(Types of Computers based on Purpose)

 

          dEI;wVj dks nks mn~ns’;ksa ds fy, ge LFkkfir dj ldrs gSa & lkekU; vkSj fof’k"VA bl izdkj dEI;wVj mn~ns’; ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA

 

 

 1- lkekU; mn~ns’kh; dEI;wVj (General Purpose Computer)

 

 2- fof’k"V mn~ns’kh; dEI;wVj  (Special Purpose Computer)

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vkdkj ,oa ’kfDr ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds izdkj

(Types of Computer based on Size and Power)

 

vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa dh iakp Jsf.k;ka gksrh gSa &

 

  1- ekbØzks dEI;wVj (Micro Computer)

 

  2- odZ dEI;wVj  (Work Station)

 

  3- feuh dEI;wVj (Mini Computer)

 

  4- esuÝse dEI;wVj (Mainframe Computer)

 

 5- lqij dEI;wVj (Super Computer)

 

 

ekbØks dEI;wVj %&

              ÞekbØksß ’kCn lk/kkj.k fdlh NksVh oLrq ls lacaf/kr jgrk gSA ekbØks dEI;wVj dks Hkh mlh rjg ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj esa ge NksVs flLVe dks j[krs gSaA ÞekbØks dEI;wVjß ’kCn dqN lky igys fn;k x;k Fkk tcfd ekbØks dEI;wVj vkdkj esa lcls NksVs dEI;wVj FksA vkt gkykafd ekbØks dEI;wVj ls Hkh NksVs dEI;wVj miyC/k gSaA tSls%& fd ySiVkWi rFkk ikeVkWe dEI;wVj vkfnA

 

 

 

odZ dEI;wVj %&

            ;s dEI;wVj lk/kkj.k gksrs gSaA vkdkj o {kerk dh n`f"Vdks.k ls odZ dEI;wVj ;k esuÝse dEI;wVj dk Qklyk de gks tkrk gSA vr% odZ dEI;wVj ,d vke dEI;wVj gh gSA

 

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feuh dEI;wVj %&

              feuh dEI;wVj ewyr% ,d e/;e vkdkj dk dEI;wVj gSA vkdkj rFkk {kerk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls feuh dEI;wVj odZ lysD’ku rFkk esuÝse dEI;wVj ds chp esa vkrs gSaA gky ds o"kksZa esa cMs+ feuh dEI;wVj rFkk NksVs esuÝse ds chp dk Qklyk dkQh de jg x;k gSA ;s Hkh dg ldrs gSaA fd NksVs feuh dEI;wVj rFkk odZ lysD’ku ds chp dk QØ /kwfey lk gks x;k gSA lk/kkj.kr% feuh dEI;wVj ,d eYVh ;wtj flLVe gSA tks 4 ls 2004 lsZl dh ,d lkFk lsok dj ldrk gSA

 

 

esuÝse dEI;wVj %&

                  ;g dEI;wVj cgqr cM+s rFkk cgqr egWaxs gSaA buesa lSdM+ks ls gtkjksa ;wtj ,d lkFk dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA                                                                                                                      esuÝse {kerk ds ekin.M ls lqij dEI;wVj ls ,d ik;nku uhps gSaA ;g dbZ fo’kky dEifu;ksa ds fy, dsUnzh;—r O;kolkf;d dk;Z esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA

 tSls %& Inventory control accounting A

 

 

 

lqij dEI;wVj %&

               ;g lcls rst pyus okys dEI;wVj gSaA ;g cgqr gh eWagxs gSa rFkk bUgsa mu fof’k"V dk;ksZa esa yk;k tkrk gS tgkWa fd vR;f/kd xf.krh; x.kuk dh vko’;drk gksA vr% lqij dEI;wVj ,d vke dEI;wVj ds HkkWafr ugha gSa og {ks= tgkWa fd vR;f/kd tfVy rFkk fo’kky x.kuk;sa ’kkfey gksa] lqij dEI;wVj ds fy, vkn’kZ fLFkfr gksrh gSA fof’k"V mi;ksxksa dh ckr djsa rks lqij dEI;wVj ekSle dh Hkfo";ok.kh esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA vU; mi;ksxksa esa ukfHkdh; ,uthZ fjlpZ ,fuesVsM xzkfQDl] isVªksfy;e dh [kkst rFkk varfj{k foKku gSa tks U SS A]  U S S R  chp dh gfFk;kjksa dh Li/kkZ dk urhtk gSA

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dEI;wVj dh ihf<+;kWa

 ¼Computer Genertions½

 

  dEI;wVj e; fo’o esa ge rduhdh rjDdh dks ihf<+;ksa esa ekirs gSaA dksbZ Hkh dEI;wVj fdlh u fdlh [kkl ih<+h dk lnL; ekuk tkrk gSA gj ih<+h dEI;wVj ds fMtkbu esa ,d egRoiw.kZ cnyko yk;h gSA izR;sd ih<+h ds lkFk Circuitry NksVh rFkk vf/kd mUur gks x;h gSA bl fleVrs vkdkj ds dkj.k xfr] {kerk rFkk eseksjh mlh vuqikr esa c<+h gSA

 

    igyh ih<+h %&

            oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj lu~ 1950 esa vesfjdk dh iSuflyokfu;k flVh n~okjk fufeZr ,u vkd bl ih<+h dk izFke dEI;wVj gSA blesa 1800 oSD;we V~;wcsa yxh gqbZ gSaA bldk otu 30 Vu FkkA vkbZ0 ch0 ,e0& 650 bl ih<+h ds eq[; dEI;wVj gSaA

 

fo’ks"krk,Wa %&

             bl izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh eq[; fo’ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa izFke ckj bysDVªku V~;wc dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

 

f}rh; ih<+h %&

            lu~ 1960 ds vklikl VªkaftLVj dk fodkl gqvkA QyLo#i dEI;wVj ds fuekZ.k esa V~;wc ds LFkku ij VªkaftLVj dk iz;ksx gksus yxkA ;g iz;ksx yxHkx 1952 ls 1964 rd jgka

 

mnkgj.kkFkZ %& guhosy & 200

             vkbZ- ch- ,e- & 1401

             lh- Mh- lh-  & 1604

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fo’ks"krk,Wa %&

                    

1- bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dk vkdkj igyh ih<+h dh rqyuk esa NksVk Fkk rFkk ;s de xehZ mRiUu djrs FksA

                                                       2- ;s mPp Lrjh; izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs Fks] rFkk ;s fo’oluh; Hkh FksA

 

3- ;s mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk tSls & dkscksy o QkWjVªku dk iz;ksx djrs FksA

 

4- vc cM+s iSekus ij dEI;wVjksa esa VªkaftLVkjksa dk mi;ksx gksus yxkA

 

 

r`rh; ih<+h %&

           dEI;wVj dh r`rh; ih<+h dk vkjaHk lu~ 1964 esa gks x;kA bl le; dEI;wVjksa us ;kaf=s vk/kkj ij dkQh fodkl gqvkA bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa u rks V~;wc dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k vkSj u VªkaftLVj dk cfYd vc dEI;wVj fuekZ.k esa bfUVxzsVsM lfdZV CICdk iz;ksx gksus yxk ftlls bldh fo’okluh;rk c<+ xbZA

 

 

mnkgj.kkFkZ %& vkbZ0 ch0 ,e0 &360

 

             ,u0 lh0 vkj0 &365

 

 

fo’ks"krk,Wa %&

                 

1- bl izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh eq[; fo’ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa izFke ckj bysDVªku V~;wc dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

 

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2- bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa bfUVxzsVsM lfdZV CIC dk iz;ksx gksus yxkA                                                     

                                                       3- ;s vkdkj esa f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk dkQh NksVs Fks rFkk de rki dk mRiknu djrs FksA

 

4- bu dEI;wVjksa ds n~okjk mPp Lrjh; izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gksus yxkA

 

5- bl ih<h+ ds dEI;wVkjsa dh lcls cM+h fo’ks"krk ;g gS fd buesa igyh ckj vkWijsfVax flLVe dk iz;ksx gksus yXkk FkkA

 

 

prqFkZ ih<+h %&

            lu 1970 ds vUr vkSj 1980 ds izkjEHk esa bu ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dk fodkl gqvkA bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj rduhdh izxfr ds lkFk fodflr gks x,A bl le; dEI;wVjksa esa ekbØks&izkslslj dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftlesa vusd NksVs&NksVs fpi dks feykdj ,d cM+k fpi cuk fn;k x;kA

 

 

fo’ks"krk,aW %&

                       

1- budk vkdkj viuh iwoZ ih<+h;ksa ds dEi;wVjksa dh vis{kk vR;Ur NksVk gks x;kA lkFk gh budh xfr Hkh cgqr rst gks xbZ FkhA

 

2- bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ekbØks dEI;wVj ds :Ik esa lkeus vk;kA

 

3- vkaWdMksa dks laxzfgr djus dh {kerk ca<+ xbZZA

 

4- budk j[k&j[kko Hkh U;wure gks x;kA

 

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IkkWapoh ih<+h %&  

           1986 & orZeku rd Rkduhdh {ks= esa lokZf/kd yksdfiz;rk prqFkZ ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dks gkfly gqbZA prqFkZ ih<+h ds mijkUr ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ikzpoh ih<+h ds dEI;wVj vHkh fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ds rgr gSaA bu dEI;wVjksa esa —f=e cqf++)erk iSnk djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA ;kfu Lo;a fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk dk fodklA